Medical parasitology is the science about human's parasites.
Medical parasitology consists of three parts: Medical protozoology, Medical Helminthology and Medical Arachnoentomology.
Medical Protozoology studies protozoa as human's parasites.
Parasite is an organism that lives upon or within another living organism (host) at whose expense it obtains some advantage.
External parasite is an ectoparasite that lives on skin or hair of host.
Internal parasite is an endoparasite that lives in body organs, body tissues, in cells or in cavity of host's body.
Host is an organism that harbors or nourishes another organism (parasite).
The hosts are divided into definitive hosts and intermediate hosts.
Definitive host (final host) harbors the adult or sexually mature parasite.
Intermediate host harbors the immature or asexual stages of the parasite; usually designated first and second, if there is more than one.
Diseases that are caused by animals are known as invasive diseases.
Protozoan diseases are caused by protozoa.
Diseases which are characteristic for human (eg, amoebiasis) called Anthroponotic.
diseases which are characteristic for animals (e.
g malaria of birds) called Zoonotic.
Anthropozoonotic diseases are characteristic for humans and animals, for example.
leishmaniasis.
There are four ways of agent transimission of invasive diseases: 1.
Contagious (by skin contact, sexual contact) 2.
Alimentary or fecal-oral (ingestion of raw or undercooked food or use of drinking water containing the infective stage of the parasite).
3.
By blood (by bite of vectors containing the infective stage, blood transfusion).
Vector is an arthropod that carries a parasites to host (eg, Anopheles mosquito).
4.
Congenital (transplacental).
Protozoa Protozoa are considered to be a sub-kingdom of the kingdom Animalia.
Three of Protozoa phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Apicomplexa and Ciliophora contain the most important species causing human diseases.
Morphology and Ultrastructure of protozoa 1.
Protozoa (taken from the greek word 'protos' meaning first, then 'zoon' meaning animals) are unicellular animal organisms.
2.
Each protozoon performs all functions of life 3.
Parasite protozoa in humans are from 1 to 150 micrometer in size.
4.
The protozoon is made of a mass of protoplasm differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
The cytoplasm is divided into ectoplasm (the outer, transparent later) and endoplasm (the inner layer containing organelles).
5.
The ectoplasm functions are: protection, locomotion, ingestion, excretion and respiration.
The plasma membrane encloses the cytoplasm, covers the locomotive structures (pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella).
Nontractile vacuoles are for osmoregulation (e.
g Balantidium Coli).
Food vacoules contain food during digestion.
The nutrition of all protozoa is holozoic; that is, they require organic materials, which may be particulate or in solution.
reproduction in the Protozoa may be asexual or sexual.
The most common types of asexual multiplication are binary fission, endogeny and shizogony (multiple fission).
Life cycle stages During its life cycle, a protozoan generally passes through several stages that differ in structure and activity, Trophozoite (greek word for animal that feed) is a general term for the active feeding, multiplying stages of most protozoa.
Cyst is inactive.
Medical parasitology consists of three parts: Medical protozoology, Medical Helminthology and Medical Arachnoentomology.
Medical Protozoology studies protozoa as human's parasites.
Parasite is an organism that lives upon or within another living organism (host) at whose expense it obtains some advantage.
External parasite is an ectoparasite that lives on skin or hair of host.
Internal parasite is an endoparasite that lives in body organs, body tissues, in cells or in cavity of host's body.
Host is an organism that harbors or nourishes another organism (parasite).
The hosts are divided into definitive hosts and intermediate hosts.
Definitive host (final host) harbors the adult or sexually mature parasite.
Intermediate host harbors the immature or asexual stages of the parasite; usually designated first and second, if there is more than one.
Diseases that are caused by animals are known as invasive diseases.
Protozoan diseases are caused by protozoa.
Diseases which are characteristic for human (eg, amoebiasis) called Anthroponotic.
diseases which are characteristic for animals (e.
g malaria of birds) called Zoonotic.
Anthropozoonotic diseases are characteristic for humans and animals, for example.
leishmaniasis.
There are four ways of agent transimission of invasive diseases: 1.
Contagious (by skin contact, sexual contact) 2.
Alimentary or fecal-oral (ingestion of raw or undercooked food or use of drinking water containing the infective stage of the parasite).
3.
By blood (by bite of vectors containing the infective stage, blood transfusion).
Vector is an arthropod that carries a parasites to host (eg, Anopheles mosquito).
4.
Congenital (transplacental).
Protozoa Protozoa are considered to be a sub-kingdom of the kingdom Animalia.
Three of Protozoa phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Apicomplexa and Ciliophora contain the most important species causing human diseases.
Morphology and Ultrastructure of protozoa 1.
Protozoa (taken from the greek word 'protos' meaning first, then 'zoon' meaning animals) are unicellular animal organisms.
2.
Each protozoon performs all functions of life 3.
Parasite protozoa in humans are from 1 to 150 micrometer in size.
4.
The protozoon is made of a mass of protoplasm differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
The cytoplasm is divided into ectoplasm (the outer, transparent later) and endoplasm (the inner layer containing organelles).
5.
The ectoplasm functions are: protection, locomotion, ingestion, excretion and respiration.
The plasma membrane encloses the cytoplasm, covers the locomotive structures (pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella).
Nontractile vacuoles are for osmoregulation (e.
g Balantidium Coli).
Food vacoules contain food during digestion.
The nutrition of all protozoa is holozoic; that is, they require organic materials, which may be particulate or in solution.
reproduction in the Protozoa may be asexual or sexual.
The most common types of asexual multiplication are binary fission, endogeny and shizogony (multiple fission).
Life cycle stages During its life cycle, a protozoan generally passes through several stages that differ in structure and activity, Trophozoite (greek word for animal that feed) is a general term for the active feeding, multiplying stages of most protozoa.
Cyst is inactive.