By Dorian Venable, M.Ed, RD, LD, CHES, NASM-CPT
Osteoporosis is an important factor in consequences and disease states. It can occur due to the lack of calcium intake, weight bearing activities, and estrogen deficiency. This disease affects over 25 million American women and causes about 250,000 hip fractures a year. It is called a silent disease, which causes bone density to slowly decrease and fractures to develop (Alexander, 2004 p. 267). After age 30, bone resorption speeds up faster than bone replacement can take place. When a woman reaches menopause she will experience approximately 20% of bone loss within a five to seven-year period. After age 50, one in two women will experience osteoporosis related fractures, which may lead to disability, chronic pain, and even death (Alexander, 2004 p. 399). The economic cost is overwhelming and significant for osteoporosis. This is why it is important to properly select the main focus point of long-term prevention or acute care of osteoporosis. It has been a complex decision, which has been a growing issue for women worldwide. Some issues that each program must over come in order to be an affective long-term prevention or acute care program are services reaching proper target audiences, maintaining ethics, effective budget spending, eligible health care services, increasing insurance coverage and personal knowledge.
In long-term prevention, preventive education of osteoporosis was a strategic tool to overcome this disease. Promotional education has been aimed at the premenopausal phase of women's lifecycle. This phase represents promoting nutritional facts to help build stronger bones, which are aimed at children and adolescents as a general target audience. This is based on research of early lifestyle changes that promotes optimal adult peak bone mass. The specific target audience is low income and high-risk applicants who met categorical, residential, income, and nutritional risk requirements.
There are several Federal agencies as well as non-profitable organizations, which maintain ethics by providing strict guidelines. This allows participants to experience uncompromised services such as health education, specialized services, and sometime financial support (Food and Nutrition Service United States Department of Agriculture [FNS-USDA] n.d.). Some examples of these agencies are Women Infant Children (WIC), Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), U.S Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), and National Dairy Council (NDC).
Another issue of concern is individual effective budget spending, which is measured through cost effective services. There are multitudes of diverse governmental and non-profit agencies that are operating jointly or individually in support of healthy lifestyles and stronger bones. The combination of overall promotional efforts is justified by a 50% decreased risk of osteoporosis, according to the Milk Pilot Study by the National Dairy Council (NDC, n.d.).
 Other issues such as eligible health care services and increasing insurance coverage are intertwining problems. In 2001, 41.2 million U.S. citizens were uninsured. There were a million more that had limited insurance coverage, which were restrictive and prevented necessary health care services (Alexander, 2004 p. 18). There are a growing number of 44 million uninsured citizens, which is partially due to the increasing elderly population (Connolly, 2000). Affective long-term educational prevention should help decrease the massive amount of patients who are at need of medical assistance. This is due to reinforcing positive lifestyle changes to help prevent chronic illness. Defining and reducing additional risk factors to provide better prevention techniques such as avoiding high protein intake to avoid urinary calcium loss. Another prevention technique to reduce a risk factor is avoiding high fat intake to avoid reduced bone mineralization due to elevated needs of bisphosphonates for metabolic intermediates of cholesterol synthesis (Hegsted, 2001).
Personal knowledge of providing educational support allows us to overcome learning barriers that must be faced such as cultural differences and body image. Cultural background influences the ways adolescents think about things and interact with others.  It is important to consider the cultural aspects in order to break down social barriers and provide adequate behavior modification tools. Especially when reviewing the many factors that contribute to an adolescent's culture such as socioeconomic, educational, family, ethnic, and racial background (Conflict Research Consortium, n.d.). The other barrier is body image, where proper support of nutritional education and counseling becomes necessary for adolescents' development. This becomes evident as self-perception traits become defined in the preteens. If they carry their negative association of dairy products into adulthood, their risk of osteoporosis will become great. Surveys indicate dairy products are considered to be calorie dense food items (Adolescent Health Committee & Canadian Pediatric Society, 2004). Negative self-perception contributes to low calcium intake, which in turn contributes to a decrease in adult peak bone mass (DHHS, n.d. & Teegarden, 1999).
 I have learned in this class that today's adolescent development could lead to tomorrows growing issues of chronic problematic illness such as osteoporosis. I question the overall effectiveness of long-term educational prevention of osteoporosis. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, more than 25 million Americans have osteoporosis (DHHS, n.d.). 50% of patients with hip fractures will be considering long-term disabled. 25% of those patients will require long term-nursing facilities (The Bone and Joint Decade [BJD], 2004). If National Osteoporosis Foundation was able to receive stronger Federal support to coordinate state agencies in joint, local, as well as national effort, the overall program will become effective. This is why it is important to properly select the main focus point towards long-term prevention.
Addressing the issues of effective osteoporosis therapy in an acute care setting is an ongoing process. This type of health care service is always changing towards more efficient techniques. Currently doctors recommend healthy lifestyle of nutritional dense foods and weight bearing activities. They prescribe medication for bone resorption such as Fosamax and Calcitonin (Alexander, 2004 p. 403). They also prescribe hormone therapy such as Raloxifene, which reduces 50%-70% vertebral fractures (Alexander, 2004 p. 402).
Services reaching proper target audiences in the past were questionable. According to multinational study of orthopedic surgeons, 95% fracture patients were not properly screen for osteoporosis (BJD, 2004).  Another target audience that has been over looked were patients who were experiencing celiac disease. It is common for these individuals to be lactose intolerant as well, which puts them at risk of osteoporosis (American Academy of Family Physicians [AAFP], 2005). Screening is an important tool to reach, as well as confirm, proper target audience. Currently, selecting patients for screening has drastically improved, making it possible to catch osteoporosis in the beginning stages. Individuals who are experiencing estrogen deficiency, vertebral abnormalities, long-term glucocorticoid therapy, or hyperparathyroidism can be properly screened (Albert Einstein Healthcare Network [AEHN], n.d.).
When maintaining ethics, there should be a clear path of treatment for patients.In the pastOrthopedists were not consistent in treatment or referrals. It was an experimental practice, which was vastly growing through trial and error. Medical decisions were made by doctors without long-term clinical research (BJD, 2004). Currently patients are being offered choices of preferred treatments. The diverse pharmacologic prevention consists of teriparatide, raloxifene, bisphosphonates, and salmon calcitonin. Bisphosphonates were recommended as the most effective pharmacologic prevention for osteoporosis (Wright, 2004).Â
Effective budget spending of related osteoporosis costs were from admirable. In 1995, the cost of treating osteoporosis acute and long-term care was 13.8 billion American dollars. Currently more high-risk patients are experiencing early detection and treatment through advanced screening and medical attention. This will have a plausible influence on budget spending. The increasing number of geriatric needs will always be a growing challenge for effective budget spending (DHHS, n.d.). Eligible health care services and increasing insurance coverage were a challenge for people when faced with chronic diseases such as osteoporosis. Individuals often struggle to pay for appropriate treatment for long-term illness. Most people were forced to turn to Medicaid as a public insurance program (Alexander, 2004 p. 398). Currently conditions have been improving for patients with osteoporosis. According to National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), Medicare will reimburse bone density tests such as DEXA scans. Due to the direct reimbursement of Medicare, insurance will be able to cover these types of testing, which allows for early detection of osteoporosis (AEHN, n.d.).
Personal knowledge of providing clinical research allows us to overcome barriers such as cultural differences and body image. Cultural differences could develop into issues for osteoporosis patients such as 54-year-old raw food vegetarians who are at high risk. This is due to alternative dietary lifestyles of high fiber, low vitamin D and calcium intake. Clinical research indicates lactovegetarians have decreased risk factors compared to raw food vegetarians. A transition from raw food vegetarianism to lactovegetarianism is smooth and advisable for individuals (Hitti, 2005). Another barrier is body image. In 1998 the Gallup poll found 59% of women ranging 35-49 years of age were on some kind of diet. These diets are known as yo-yo diets, which are hazardous to your health. This is due to overall decreased food intake, which affects macronutrients as well as micronutrients. This includes important needed items of the bone matrix such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, Vitamin K, and Vitamin D. Another growing concern dealing with body image is individuals who are currently seeking weight loss through Bariatric surgery. This procedure pertains to a partial bypass of the duodenum, which is an important part of the small intestines. This causes a deficiency of calcium due to chronic malabsorptionand puts the patient at risk for osteoporosis. Clinical research indicates progressive atrophy of the unused duodenum, which stresses the importance of corrective surgery to prevent significant chronic damage (Strong Health Bariatric Surgery [SHBS], n.d.).  Â
I have learned in this class there could never be enough research in order to make a precise decision. This is why additional financial aid through governmental and non-profit agencies is greatly needed for proper clinical research. Completing additional research will make acute care for osteoporosis more affective.
In conclusion, acute osteoporosis therapy is dependent on long-term prevention success. This is due to promoting awareness and managing risk factors that are modifiable. These techniques have been proven to decrease a large demand on acute care.  This directly causes a decrease in potential target audience for acute care. Maintaining effective budget, providing eligible health care services, and available insurance coverage is easier when there are less demands due to decreased needs of medical services. Both programs are necessary in order to provide optimum health care of women nationally.Â
Reference
Adolescent Health Committee & Canadian Pediatric Society. (2004). Dieting in
adolescence. J Pediatrics & Child Health. March; 9 (7): 487-491.
Albert Einstein Healthcare Network. (n.d.). Retrieved September 19, 2005, from
 http://www.einstein.edu/yourhealth/womens/article8763.htm.Â
Alexander, L. L., LaRosa, J. H., Bader, H., & Garfield, S. (2004). New Dimensions in
 Women's Health (3rd ed.). Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett
American Academy of Family Physicians (2005). Celiac Disease. Retrieved September
26, 2005.
Bone and Joint Decade. (2004). Orthopedic Surgeons Are Failing To Prevent
 Osteoporotic Fractures. J The World Medical Association. March; 50 (1): 17-18.
Conflict Research Consortium (n.d.). Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication.
Retrieved September 19, 2005, from http://www.colorado.edu/conflic/
peace/problem/cultrbar.htmÂ
Connolly, S. (2000). Osteoporosis Troubles Nation DCMS Fuses Medicine and Law.
Dartmouth Medical School Digest June. Retrieved September 15, 2005, from http://dms.dartmouth.edu/news/publications/newsdigest/digest0600/
Osteoporosis.shtml
Food and Nutrition Service United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). WIC
 eligibility requirements. Retrieved September 15, 2005, from www.fns.usda.gov/wic/howtoapply/eligibilityrequirements.htm
Hegsted, D.M. (2001). Fractures, calcium, and the modern diet. J The American Clinical
 Nutrition. November; 74 (5): 571-573.
Hitti, M. (2005). More Osteoporosis Seen with Raw Foods Diet. WebMD
Medical News. Retrieved September 26, 2005, from http://my.webmd.com/content/Article/102/106904.htm?printing=true
Morantz, C. & Torrey, B. (2003). Clinical Briefs. J The American Academy of
 Family Physicians. March; 67 (6) 1-5.
National Dairy Council. (n.d.). School Milk Pilot Test: Estimation the Effects of
 National Implementation. Retrieved September 19, 2005.
Strong Health Bariatric Surgery at Highland Hospital. (n.d.). Understanding Bariatric
Surgery. Retrieved September 26, 2005.
Teegarden, D., Lyle, R. M., Proulx, W. R., Johnston, C. C., & Weaver, C. M. (1999).
 Previous milk consumption is associated with greater bone density in young women. J The American Clinical Nutrition. May; 69 (5): 1014-1017.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Put Prevention Into
Practice: Clinician's Handbook of Preventive Services (2nd Ed.). The Virtual Naval Hospital Project. Retrieved September 19, 2005.Â
Gordon, L. (2004). Facing Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. JThe American Dietetic
 Association. December; 104 (12) 1779-1780.
Edmonds, L., Woelfel, M., and Dennison, B. (2006). Overw3eight Trends among
Children Enrolled in the New York State Special Supplemental Nutrition Program
 for Women, Infants, and Children. JThe American Dietetic Association.
January; 106 (1) 113-117.
Johnson, D., Gerstein, D., Evans, A. and Woodward, G. (2006). Preventing Obesity: A
Life Cycle Perspective. JThe American Dietetic Association. January; 106 (1)
 97-100.
Townsend, M. (2006). Obesity in Low-Income Communities: Prevalence, Effects, a
Place to Begin. JThe American Dietetic Association. January; 104 (1) 34-36.
Gordon, L. (2004). Facing Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. JThe American Dietetic
 Association. December; 104 (12) 1779-1780.
Stang, J., Kossover, R.
Osteoporosis is an important factor in consequences and disease states. It can occur due to the lack of calcium intake, weight bearing activities, and estrogen deficiency. This disease affects over 25 million American women and causes about 250,000 hip fractures a year. It is called a silent disease, which causes bone density to slowly decrease and fractures to develop (Alexander, 2004 p. 267). After age 30, bone resorption speeds up faster than bone replacement can take place. When a woman reaches menopause she will experience approximately 20% of bone loss within a five to seven-year period. After age 50, one in two women will experience osteoporosis related fractures, which may lead to disability, chronic pain, and even death (Alexander, 2004 p. 399). The economic cost is overwhelming and significant for osteoporosis. This is why it is important to properly select the main focus point of long-term prevention or acute care of osteoporosis. It has been a complex decision, which has been a growing issue for women worldwide. Some issues that each program must over come in order to be an affective long-term prevention or acute care program are services reaching proper target audiences, maintaining ethics, effective budget spending, eligible health care services, increasing insurance coverage and personal knowledge.
In long-term prevention, preventive education of osteoporosis was a strategic tool to overcome this disease. Promotional education has been aimed at the premenopausal phase of women's lifecycle. This phase represents promoting nutritional facts to help build stronger bones, which are aimed at children and adolescents as a general target audience. This is based on research of early lifestyle changes that promotes optimal adult peak bone mass. The specific target audience is low income and high-risk applicants who met categorical, residential, income, and nutritional risk requirements.
There are several Federal agencies as well as non-profitable organizations, which maintain ethics by providing strict guidelines. This allows participants to experience uncompromised services such as health education, specialized services, and sometime financial support (Food and Nutrition Service United States Department of Agriculture [FNS-USDA] n.d.). Some examples of these agencies are Women Infant Children (WIC), Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), U.S Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), and National Dairy Council (NDC).
Another issue of concern is individual effective budget spending, which is measured through cost effective services. There are multitudes of diverse governmental and non-profit agencies that are operating jointly or individually in support of healthy lifestyles and stronger bones. The combination of overall promotional efforts is justified by a 50% decreased risk of osteoporosis, according to the Milk Pilot Study by the National Dairy Council (NDC, n.d.).
 Other issues such as eligible health care services and increasing insurance coverage are intertwining problems. In 2001, 41.2 million U.S. citizens were uninsured. There were a million more that had limited insurance coverage, which were restrictive and prevented necessary health care services (Alexander, 2004 p. 18). There are a growing number of 44 million uninsured citizens, which is partially due to the increasing elderly population (Connolly, 2000). Affective long-term educational prevention should help decrease the massive amount of patients who are at need of medical assistance. This is due to reinforcing positive lifestyle changes to help prevent chronic illness. Defining and reducing additional risk factors to provide better prevention techniques such as avoiding high protein intake to avoid urinary calcium loss. Another prevention technique to reduce a risk factor is avoiding high fat intake to avoid reduced bone mineralization due to elevated needs of bisphosphonates for metabolic intermediates of cholesterol synthesis (Hegsted, 2001).
Personal knowledge of providing educational support allows us to overcome learning barriers that must be faced such as cultural differences and body image. Cultural background influences the ways adolescents think about things and interact with others.  It is important to consider the cultural aspects in order to break down social barriers and provide adequate behavior modification tools. Especially when reviewing the many factors that contribute to an adolescent's culture such as socioeconomic, educational, family, ethnic, and racial background (Conflict Research Consortium, n.d.). The other barrier is body image, where proper support of nutritional education and counseling becomes necessary for adolescents' development. This becomes evident as self-perception traits become defined in the preteens. If they carry their negative association of dairy products into adulthood, their risk of osteoporosis will become great. Surveys indicate dairy products are considered to be calorie dense food items (Adolescent Health Committee & Canadian Pediatric Society, 2004). Negative self-perception contributes to low calcium intake, which in turn contributes to a decrease in adult peak bone mass (DHHS, n.d. & Teegarden, 1999).
 I have learned in this class that today's adolescent development could lead to tomorrows growing issues of chronic problematic illness such as osteoporosis. I question the overall effectiveness of long-term educational prevention of osteoporosis. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, more than 25 million Americans have osteoporosis (DHHS, n.d.). 50% of patients with hip fractures will be considering long-term disabled. 25% of those patients will require long term-nursing facilities (The Bone and Joint Decade [BJD], 2004). If National Osteoporosis Foundation was able to receive stronger Federal support to coordinate state agencies in joint, local, as well as national effort, the overall program will become effective. This is why it is important to properly select the main focus point towards long-term prevention.
Addressing the issues of effective osteoporosis therapy in an acute care setting is an ongoing process. This type of health care service is always changing towards more efficient techniques. Currently doctors recommend healthy lifestyle of nutritional dense foods and weight bearing activities. They prescribe medication for bone resorption such as Fosamax and Calcitonin (Alexander, 2004 p. 403). They also prescribe hormone therapy such as Raloxifene, which reduces 50%-70% vertebral fractures (Alexander, 2004 p. 402).
Services reaching proper target audiences in the past were questionable. According to multinational study of orthopedic surgeons, 95% fracture patients were not properly screen for osteoporosis (BJD, 2004).  Another target audience that has been over looked were patients who were experiencing celiac disease. It is common for these individuals to be lactose intolerant as well, which puts them at risk of osteoporosis (American Academy of Family Physicians [AAFP], 2005). Screening is an important tool to reach, as well as confirm, proper target audience. Currently, selecting patients for screening has drastically improved, making it possible to catch osteoporosis in the beginning stages. Individuals who are experiencing estrogen deficiency, vertebral abnormalities, long-term glucocorticoid therapy, or hyperparathyroidism can be properly screened (Albert Einstein Healthcare Network [AEHN], n.d.).
When maintaining ethics, there should be a clear path of treatment for patients.In the pastOrthopedists were not consistent in treatment or referrals. It was an experimental practice, which was vastly growing through trial and error. Medical decisions were made by doctors without long-term clinical research (BJD, 2004). Currently patients are being offered choices of preferred treatments. The diverse pharmacologic prevention consists of teriparatide, raloxifene, bisphosphonates, and salmon calcitonin. Bisphosphonates were recommended as the most effective pharmacologic prevention for osteoporosis (Wright, 2004).Â
Effective budget spending of related osteoporosis costs were from admirable. In 1995, the cost of treating osteoporosis acute and long-term care was 13.8 billion American dollars. Currently more high-risk patients are experiencing early detection and treatment through advanced screening and medical attention. This will have a plausible influence on budget spending. The increasing number of geriatric needs will always be a growing challenge for effective budget spending (DHHS, n.d.). Eligible health care services and increasing insurance coverage were a challenge for people when faced with chronic diseases such as osteoporosis. Individuals often struggle to pay for appropriate treatment for long-term illness. Most people were forced to turn to Medicaid as a public insurance program (Alexander, 2004 p. 398). Currently conditions have been improving for patients with osteoporosis. According to National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), Medicare will reimburse bone density tests such as DEXA scans. Due to the direct reimbursement of Medicare, insurance will be able to cover these types of testing, which allows for early detection of osteoporosis (AEHN, n.d.).
Personal knowledge of providing clinical research allows us to overcome barriers such as cultural differences and body image. Cultural differences could develop into issues for osteoporosis patients such as 54-year-old raw food vegetarians who are at high risk. This is due to alternative dietary lifestyles of high fiber, low vitamin D and calcium intake. Clinical research indicates lactovegetarians have decreased risk factors compared to raw food vegetarians. A transition from raw food vegetarianism to lactovegetarianism is smooth and advisable for individuals (Hitti, 2005). Another barrier is body image. In 1998 the Gallup poll found 59% of women ranging 35-49 years of age were on some kind of diet. These diets are known as yo-yo diets, which are hazardous to your health. This is due to overall decreased food intake, which affects macronutrients as well as micronutrients. This includes important needed items of the bone matrix such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, Vitamin K, and Vitamin D. Another growing concern dealing with body image is individuals who are currently seeking weight loss through Bariatric surgery. This procedure pertains to a partial bypass of the duodenum, which is an important part of the small intestines. This causes a deficiency of calcium due to chronic malabsorptionand puts the patient at risk for osteoporosis. Clinical research indicates progressive atrophy of the unused duodenum, which stresses the importance of corrective surgery to prevent significant chronic damage (Strong Health Bariatric Surgery [SHBS], n.d.).  Â
I have learned in this class there could never be enough research in order to make a precise decision. This is why additional financial aid through governmental and non-profit agencies is greatly needed for proper clinical research. Completing additional research will make acute care for osteoporosis more affective.
In conclusion, acute osteoporosis therapy is dependent on long-term prevention success. This is due to promoting awareness and managing risk factors that are modifiable. These techniques have been proven to decrease a large demand on acute care.  This directly causes a decrease in potential target audience for acute care. Maintaining effective budget, providing eligible health care services, and available insurance coverage is easier when there are less demands due to decreased needs of medical services. Both programs are necessary in order to provide optimum health care of women nationally.Â
Reference
Adolescent Health Committee & Canadian Pediatric Society. (2004). Dieting in
adolescence. J Pediatrics & Child Health. March; 9 (7): 487-491.
Albert Einstein Healthcare Network. (n.d.). Retrieved September 19, 2005, from
 http://www.einstein.edu/yourhealth/womens/article8763.htm.Â
Alexander, L. L., LaRosa, J. H., Bader, H., & Garfield, S. (2004). New Dimensions in
 Women's Health (3rd ed.). Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett
American Academy of Family Physicians (2005). Celiac Disease. Retrieved September
26, 2005.
Bone and Joint Decade. (2004). Orthopedic Surgeons Are Failing To Prevent
 Osteoporotic Fractures. J The World Medical Association. March; 50 (1): 17-18.
Conflict Research Consortium (n.d.). Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication.
Retrieved September 19, 2005, from http://www.colorado.edu/conflic/
peace/problem/cultrbar.htmÂ
Connolly, S. (2000). Osteoporosis Troubles Nation DCMS Fuses Medicine and Law.
Dartmouth Medical School Digest June. Retrieved September 15, 2005, from http://dms.dartmouth.edu/news/publications/newsdigest/digest0600/
Osteoporosis.shtml
Food and Nutrition Service United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). WIC
 eligibility requirements. Retrieved September 15, 2005, from www.fns.usda.gov/wic/howtoapply/eligibilityrequirements.htm
Hegsted, D.M. (2001). Fractures, calcium, and the modern diet. J The American Clinical
 Nutrition. November; 74 (5): 571-573.
Hitti, M. (2005). More Osteoporosis Seen with Raw Foods Diet. WebMD
Medical News. Retrieved September 26, 2005, from http://my.webmd.com/content/Article/102/106904.htm?printing=true
Morantz, C. & Torrey, B. (2003). Clinical Briefs. J The American Academy of
 Family Physicians. March; 67 (6) 1-5.
National Dairy Council. (n.d.). School Milk Pilot Test: Estimation the Effects of
 National Implementation. Retrieved September 19, 2005.
Strong Health Bariatric Surgery at Highland Hospital. (n.d.). Understanding Bariatric
Surgery. Retrieved September 26, 2005.
Teegarden, D., Lyle, R. M., Proulx, W. R., Johnston, C. C., & Weaver, C. M. (1999).
 Previous milk consumption is associated with greater bone density in young women. J The American Clinical Nutrition. May; 69 (5): 1014-1017.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Put Prevention Into
Practice: Clinician's Handbook of Preventive Services (2nd Ed.). The Virtual Naval Hospital Project. Retrieved September 19, 2005.Â
Gordon, L. (2004). Facing Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. JThe American Dietetic
 Association. December; 104 (12) 1779-1780.
Edmonds, L., Woelfel, M., and Dennison, B. (2006). Overw3eight Trends among
Children Enrolled in the New York State Special Supplemental Nutrition Program
 for Women, Infants, and Children. JThe American Dietetic Association.
January; 106 (1) 113-117.
Johnson, D., Gerstein, D., Evans, A. and Woodward, G. (2006). Preventing Obesity: A
Life Cycle Perspective. JThe American Dietetic Association. January; 106 (1)
 97-100.
Townsend, M. (2006). Obesity in Low-Income Communities: Prevalence, Effects, a
Place to Begin. JThe American Dietetic Association. January; 104 (1) 34-36.
Gordon, L. (2004). Facing Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. JThe American Dietetic
 Association. December; 104 (12) 1779-1780.
Stang, J., Kossover, R.